2019 Federal Election

Updated: Fri, 07 Jun 2019 1:10:10 PM AEST

Higgins, VIC

This table provides the current two candidate preferred (TCP) count for the division. The data includes swing - a comparison of the percentage of TCP votes received at the previous federal election compared to the current federal election.

Notes:

  1. Two candidate preferred or TCP is a count of the two leading candidates only. Votes are recorded for a particular candidate if the preference on the ballot paper for that candidate is higher than the alternative TCP candidate, regardless of other preferences. The TCP count ultimately determines who wins the seat.
  2. The term 'Previous election' may not relate to actual results from the last event. Redistributions of electoral boundaries are taken into account and may produce notional results for any electoral division in a redistributed state or territory. See www.aec.gov.au/redistribution for further information.
  3. These results are final.
Two candidate preferred (TCP) for Higgins (VIC)
Candidate Party Votes Margin This election (%) Previous election (%) Swing (%) Status
ALLEN, KatieLiberal54,1397,80053.8859.97-6.09Elected
McLEOD, FionaAustralian Labor Party46,339-7,80046.1240.03+6.09 

This table provides the number of first preference votes received for all candidates in the division. The data includes swing - a comparison of the percentage of first preference votes received at the previous federal election compared to the current federal election.

This table is sortable by selecting on column headers.

Notes:

  1. These results are final.
First preference count for the division of Higgins (VIC)
Candidate Party Votes % Swing (%) Status
BALL, Jason The Greens (VIC) 22,573 22.47 -1.72  
MORAN, Michaela Sustainable Australia 1,338 1.33 +1.33  
WALKER, Alicia Animal Justice Party 1,729 1.72 +0.15  
ALLEN, Katie Liberal 48,091 47.86 -3.72 Elected
McLEOD, Fiona Australian Labor Party 25,498 25.38 +8.85  
RYAN, Tim United Australia Party 1,249 1.24 +1.24  
...... Family First Party 0 0.00 -0.15  
...... Liberal Democratic Party 0 0.00 -1.14  
...... Rise Up Australia Party 0 0.00 -0.16  
...... Australian Equality Party (Marriage) 0 0.00 -1.29  
...... Centre Alliance 0 0.00 -2.09  
...... Derryn Hinch's Justice Party 0 0.00 -1.31  
Formal   100,478 97.99 +1.74  
Informal   2,063 2.01 -1.74  
Total   102,541  

This table provides the number and percentage breakdown of first preference votes received by vote type for the division.

This table is sortable by selecting on column headers.

Notes:

  1. An ordinary vote is a vote cast by an elector when their name can be verified on the electoral roll at the place of voting. This can be at an early voting centre or polling place in the voter's own division or at an interstate voting centre.
  2. An absent vote is a vote cast at a polling place outside of a voter's electoral division, but still within their state or territory.
  3. Provisional votes are votes cast at a polling place where the elector's name cannot be found on the roll, the elector's name has already been marked off the roll or votes cast by a silent elector.
  4. These results are final.
First preferences by vote type
Candidate Party Ordinary Absent Provisional Declaration pre-poll Postal Total Status
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
BALL, Jason The Greens (VIC) 17,653 22.63 1,660 29.09 87 27.53 1,309 27.28 1,864 16.01 22,573 22.47  
MORAN, Michaela Sustainable Australia 937 1.20 103 1.80 6 1.90 95 1.98 197 1.69 1,338 1.33  
WALKER, Alicia Animal Justice Party 1,193 1.53 152 2.66 6 1.90 102 2.13 276 2.37 1,729 1.72  
ALLEN, Katie Liberal 37,299 47.81 2,212 38.76 126 39.87 2,013 41.95 6,441 55.31 48,091 47.86 Elected
McLEOD, Fiona Australian Labor Party 20,041 25.69 1,483 25.99 83 26.27 1,198 24.96 2,693 23.12 25,498 25.38  
RYAN, Tim United Australia Party 887 1.14 97 1.70 8 2.53 82 1.71 175 1.50 1,249 1.24  
Formal   78,010 97.98 5,707 97.26 316 95.18 4,799 97.82 11,646 98.58 100,478 97.99  
Informal   1,611 2.02 161 2.74 16 4.82 107 2.18 168 1.42 2,063 2.01  
Total   79,621 77.65 5,868 5.72 332 0.32 4,906 4.78 11,814 11.52 102,541 92.37  

This table provides the number and percentage breakdown of two candidate preferred (TCP) votes received by vote type for the division.

This table is sortable by selecting on column headers.

Notes:

  1. Two candidate preferred or TCP is a count of the two leading candidates only. Votes are recorded for a particular candidate if the preference on the ballot paper for that candidate is higher than the alternative TCP candidate, regardless of other preferences. The TCP count ultimately determines who wins the seat.
  2. An ordinary vote is a vote cast by an elector when their name can be verified on the electoral roll at the place of voting. This can be at an early voting centre or polling place in the voter's own division or at an interstate voting centre.
  3. An absent vote is a vote cast at a polling place outside of a voter's electoral division, but still within their state or territory.
  4. Provisional votes are votes cast at a polling place where the elector's name cannot be found on the roll, the elector's name has already been marked off the roll or votes cast by a silent elector.
  5. These results are final.
Two candidate preferred result by vote type
Candidate Party Ordinary Absent Provisional Declaration pre-poll Postal Total Status
Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes %
ALLEN, Katie Liberal 41,736 53.50 2,676 46.89 161 50.95 2,385 49.70 7,181 61.66 54,139 53.88 Elected
McLEOD, Fiona Australian Labor Party 36,274 46.50 3,031 53.11 155 49.05 2,414 50.30 4,465 38.34 46,339 46.12  

This table provides a list of the polling places in the division and the time and date of the most recent updated results for that polling place.

This table is sortable by selecting on column headers and you can find polling place results by selecting on the name of the polling place.

Notes:

  1. These results are final.
Polling places for Higgins (VIC)
Polling place Street address First preference returned Two candidate preferred (TCP) returned
Armadale Armadale Primary School, 9-23 Densham Rd, ARMADALE VIC 3143 Tue, 04 Jun 2019 8:55:28 AM AEST Tue, 04 Jun 2019 8:55:28 AM AEST
Ashburton Ashburton Primary School, 10 Fakenham Rd, ASHBURTON VIC 3147 Mon, 03 Jun 2019 5:35:24 PM AEST Mon, 03 Jun 2019 5:35:24 PM AEST
BLV Higgins PPVC BLV Higgins, 695 Burke Rd, CAMBERWELL VIC 3124 Sun, 26 May 2019 4:57:57 PM AEST Sun, 26 May 2019 4:57:57 PM AEST
Burwood Alfred Road Pre School, 48a Alfred Rd, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:59:53 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:59:53 AM AEST
Burwood West St Cecilia's Primary School, 4 Van Ness Ave, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Tue, 21 May 2019 4:51:38 PM AEST Tue, 21 May 2019 4:51:38 PM AEST
Camberwell South (Higgins) Camberwell South Primary School, 4 Peate Ave, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:27:16 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:27:16 AM AEST
Carnegie Carnegie Primary School, 51 Truganini Rd, CARNEGIE VIC 3163 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:03:34 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:03:34 AM AEST
Carnegie East St Peter's Hall, 371 Neerim Rd, CARNEGIE VIC 3163 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 11:19:57 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 11:19:57 AM AEST
Carnegie North First Malvern Scout Hall, 5 Cooinda Pl, MALVERN EAST VIC 3145 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:31:27 PM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:31:27 PM AEST
Carnegie Upper St Anthony's Primary School, 172 Neerim Rd, GLENHUNTLY VIC 3163 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:31:02 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:31:02 AM AEST
Chadstone Malvern Valley Primary School, 1A Abbotsford Ave, MALVERN EAST VIC 3145 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 1:00:42 PM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 1:00:42 PM AEST
Darling Caulfield Grammar School (malvern Campus), 5 Willoby Avenue, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Wed, 22 May 2019 12:48:24 PM AEST Wed, 22 May 2019 12:48:24 PM AEST
Divisional Office (PREPOLL) Divisional Office, Suite 1, Level 2, 695 Burke Rd, CAMBERWELL VIC 3124 Mon, 27 May 2019 4:25:58 PM AEST Mon, 27 May 2019 4:25:58 PM AEST
Fawkner Park (Higgins) St Martins Youth Arts Centre, 28 St Martins Lane, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Wed, 22 May 2019 2:57:14 PM AEST Wed, 22 May 2019 2:57:14 PM AEST
Gardiner St Roch's Parish Primary School, 5 Glenvale Rd, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:58:46 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:58:46 AM AEST
Glenhuntly East (Higgins) Glenhuntly Primary School, 170 Grange Rd, CARNEGIE VIC 3163 Mon, 03 Jun 2019 11:39:24 AM AEST Mon, 03 Jun 2019 11:39:24 AM AEST
Glen Iris Glen Iris Road Uniting Church, 200 Glen Iris Rd, GLEN IRIS VIC 3146 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:08:06 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:08:06 AM AEST
Glen Iris South Solway Primary School, 19 Taylor St, ASHBURTON VIC 3147 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:37:07 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:37:07 AM AEST
Hawksburn Toorak-South Yarra Library, 340 Toorak Rd, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:41:06 PM AEST Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:41:06 PM AEST
Hawksburn Central South Yarra Community Baptist Church, 12 Surrey Rd, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Thu, 06 Jun 2019 5:22:47 PM AEST Thu, 06 Jun 2019 5:22:47 PM AEST
Hawthorn HIGGINS PPVC 544 Burwood Rd, 544 Burwood Rd, HAWTHORN VIC 3122 Thu, 30 May 2019 3:17:56 PM AEST Thu, 30 May 2019 3:17:56 PM AEST
Hughesdale Hughesdale Primary School, 1A Brine St, HUGHESDALE VIC 3166 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:55:13 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:55:13 AM AEST
Hughesdale South (Higgins) Uniting Church Hall Coatesville, 1050 North Rd, BENTLEIGH EAST VIC 3165 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:21:19 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:21:19 AM AEST
Malvern Malvern Central School, 2B Spring Rd, MALVERN VIC 3144 Mon, 03 Jun 2019 1:44:48 PM AEST Mon, 03 Jun 2019 1:44:48 PM AEST
Malvern Central Presbyterian Church Hall, 161 Wattletree Rd, MALVERN VIC 3144 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:14:15 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:14:15 AM AEST
Malvern East Lloyd Street Primary School, 6 Lloyd St, MALVERN EAST VIC 3145 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:20:50 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:20:50 AM AEST
Malvern HIGGINS PPVC St George's Church Hall, 296 Glenferrie Rd, MALVERN VIC 3144 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:15:29 PM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:15:29 PM AEST
Malvern Lower Lauriston Girls School, 38 Huntingtower Rd, ARMADALE VIC 3143 Mon, 27 May 2019 11:56:04 AM AEST Mon, 27 May 2019 11:56:04 AM AEST
Malvern South Malvern Primary School, 17 Tooronga Rd, MALVERN EAST VIC 3145 Thu, 23 May 2019 6:50:01 PM AEST Thu, 23 May 2019 6:50:01 PM AEST
Malvern West Malvern Memorial Kindergarten, 15 Orchard St, ARMADALE VIC 3143 Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:42:22 PM AEST Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:42:22 PM AEST
Melbourne (Higgins) 215 Spring St, MELBOURNE VIC 3000 Thu, 23 May 2019 4:28:39 PM AEST Thu, 23 May 2019 4:28:39 PM AEST
Melbourne Central HIGGINS PPVC Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre, 1 Convention Centre Pl, SOUTHBANK VIC 3006 Mon, 27 May 2019 4:42:41 PM AEST Mon, 27 May 2019 4:42:41 PM AEST
Melbourne HIGGINS PPVC 215 Spring St, 215 Spring St, MELBOURNE VIC 3000 Thu, 30 May 2019 11:01:13 AM AEST Thu, 30 May 2019 11:01:13 AM AEST
Murrumbeena Murrumbeena Primary School, 20 Hobart Rd, MURRUMBEENA VIC 3163 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:13:24 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 10:13:24 AM AEST
Murrumbeena South St Patrick's, 3 Dalny Rd, MURRUMBEENA VIC 3163 Thu, 23 May 2019 6:48:47 PM AEST Thu, 23 May 2019 6:48:47 PM AEST
Oakleigh (Higgins) Oakleigh Masonic Centre, 150 Drummond Street, OAKLEIGH VIC 3166 Thu, 23 May 2019 6:45:12 PM AEST Thu, 23 May 2019 6:45:12 PM AEST
Oakleigh HIGGINS PPVC Oakleigh Masonic Centre, 150 Drummond St, OAKLEIGH VIC 3166 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 11:14:03 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 11:14:03 AM AEST
Orrong Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School, 7 Wynnstay St, PRAHRAN VIC 3181 Thu, 06 Jun 2019 3:48:19 PM AEST Thu, 06 Jun 2019 3:48:19 PM AEST
Prahran (Higgins) Grattan Gardens Community Centre, 40 Grattan St, PRAHRAN VIC 3181 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:04:04 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:04:04 AM AEST
Prahran East (Higgins) Functions on Chapel, 255a Chapel St, PRAHRAN VIC 3181 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:28:42 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 9:28:42 AM AEST
South Yarra Renown Kindergarten, 20 Cliff St, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Tue, 28 May 2019 1:13:16 PM AEST Tue, 28 May 2019 1:13:16 PM AEST
South Yarra Central Melbourne High School, 1 Forrest Hill, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:43:53 PM AEST Tue, 04 Jun 2019 4:43:53 PM AEST
South Yarra HIGGINS PPVC 10 Yarra St, 10 Yarra St, SOUTH YARRA VIC 3141 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:21:21 PM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 12:21:21 PM AEST
Special Hospital Team 1 Multiple sites, VIC Sun, 26 May 2019 6:33:12 PM AEST Sun, 26 May 2019 6:33:12 PM AEST
Special Hospital Team 2 Multiple sites, VIC Thu, 06 Jun 2019 5:05:04 PM AEST Thu, 06 Jun 2019 5:05:04 PM AEST
Special Hospital Team 3 Multiple sites, VIC Sat, 25 May 2019 10:27:19 AM AEST Sat, 25 May 2019 10:27:19 AM AEST
Special Hospital Team 4 Multiple sites, VIC Sat, 25 May 2019 10:22:31 AM AEST Sat, 25 May 2019 10:22:31 AM AEST
Toorak Toorak Uniting Church, 603 Toorak Rd, TOORAK VIC 3142 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 8:53:16 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 8:53:16 AM AEST
Toorak Central Toorak Primary School, 75 Canterbury Rd, TOORAK VIC 3142 Mon, 03 Jun 2019 11:05:40 AM AEST Mon, 03 Jun 2019 11:05:40 AM AEST
Toorak West St Peter's Parish Centre, 583 Toorak Rd, TOORAK VIC 3142 Fri, 07 Jun 2019 8:59:07 AM AEST Fri, 07 Jun 2019 8:59:07 AM AEST
Windsor (Higgins) Windsor Primary School, 12 Hornby St, WINDSOR VIC 3181 Fri, 24 May 2019 2:17:22 PM AEST Fri, 24 May 2019 2:17:22 PM AEST

This table provides the current two candidate preferred (TCP) count for each polling place in the division. The data includes swing - a comparison of the percentage of TCP votes received at the previous federal election compared to the current federal election.

This table is sortable by selecting on column headers and you can find polling place results by selecting on the name of the polling place.

Notes:

  1. Two candidate preferred or TCP is a count of the two leading candidates only. Votes are recorded for a particular candidate if the preference on the ballot paper for that candidate is higher than the alternative TCP candidate, regardless of other preferences. The TCP count ultimately determines who wins the seat.
  2. These results are final.
Two candidate preferred by polling place
Polling place Formal ALLEN, Katie
Liberal
McLEOD, Fiona
Australian Labor Party
Swing
Votes % Votes %
Armadale 1,503 844 56.15 659 43.85 -8.16
Ashburton 2,355 1,139 48.37 1,216 51.63 -7.01
BLV Higgins PPVC 20 8 40.00 12 60.00 8.18
Burwood 1,119 583 52.10 536 47.90 -7.09
Burwood West 628 369 58.76 259 41.24 -0.09
Camberwell South (Higgins) 1,274 675 52.98 599 47.02 -11.77
Carnegie 1,937 675 34.85 1,262 65.15 -11.13
Carnegie East 1,418 628 44.29 790 55.71 -3.63
Carnegie North 1,219 640 52.50 579 47.50 -5.15
Carnegie Upper 919 410 44.61 509 55.39 -8.79
Chadstone 1,598 775 48.50 823 51.50 -6.10
Darling 709 436 61.50 273 38.50 -5.84
Divisional Office (PREPOLL) 224 123 54.91 101 45.09 -2.76
Fawkner Park (Higgins) 298 119 39.93 179 60.07 -13.38
Gardiner 1,040 540 51.92 500 48.08 -1.74
Glen Iris 2,252 1,311 58.21 941 41.79 -6.52
Glen Iris South 1,784 901 50.50 883 49.50 -5.88
Glenhuntly East (Higgins) 1,132 462 40.81 670 59.19 -5.29
Hawksburn 2,137 1,000 46.79 1,137 53.21 -8.16
Hawksburn Central 1,036 470 45.37 566 54.63 -21.64
Hawthorn HIGGINS PPVC 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 -62.19
Hughesdale 1,563 601 38.45 962 61.55 -5.94
Hughesdale South (Higgins) 138 72 52.17 66 47.83 -7.80
Malvern 2,699 1,531 56.72 1,168 43.28 -9.17
Malvern Central 870 454 52.18 416 47.82 -1.43
Malvern East 2,705 1,511 55.86 1,194 44.14 -5.03
Malvern HIGGINS PPVC 14,027 9,218 65.72 4,809 34.28 -4.57
Malvern Lower 1,314 941 71.61 373 28.39 -2.88
Malvern South 2,257 1,347 59.68 910 40.32 -4.80
Malvern West 603 313 51.91 290 48.09 -4.85
Melbourne (Higgins) 76 31 40.79 45 59.21 -0.53
Melbourne Central HIGGINS PPVC 482 255 52.90 227 47.10 -7.10
Melbourne HIGGINS PPVC 1,528 728 47.64 800 52.36 -8.97
Murrumbeena 1,760 734 41.70 1,026 58.30 -11.50
Murrumbeena South 2,277 1,089 47.83 1,188 52.17 -12.15
Oakleigh (Higgins) 574 240 41.81 334 58.19 -5.60
Oakleigh HIGGINS PPVC 4,991 2,395 47.99 2,596 52.01 -2.36
Orrong 1,467 680 46.35 787 53.65 -5.64
Prahran (Higgins) 993 359 36.15 634 63.85 -7.68
Prahran East (Higgins) 1,034 398 38.49 636 61.51 -4.53
South Yarra 621 255 41.06 366 58.94 -6.77
South Yarra Central 813 404 49.69 409 50.31 -4.17
South Yarra HIGGINS PPVC 6,451 3,372 52.27 3,079 47.73 -5.55
Special Hospital Team 1 80 54 67.50 26 32.50 -7.50
Special Hospital Team 2 44 31 70.45 13 29.55 -4.55
Special Hospital Team 3 81 64 79.01 17 20.99 4.01
Special Hospital Team 4 82 67 81.71 15 18.29 6.71
Toorak 1,248 898 71.96 350 28.04 -4.87
Toorak Central 1,671 990 59.25 681 40.75 -6.40
Toorak West 759 530 69.83 229 30.17 -6.42
Windsor (Higgins) 200 66 33.00 134 67.00 -2.40
ABSENT 5,707 2,676 46.89 3,031 53.11 0.00
PRE_POLL 4,799 2,385 49.70 2,414 50.30 0.00
POSTAL 11,646 7,181 61.66 4,465 38.34 0.00
PROVISIONAL 316 161 50.95 155 49.05 0.00
Division Total 100,478 54,139 53.88 46,339 46.12 -6.09

This table provides the full distribution of preferences by count for the division. The data includes the number and percentage of votes for each candidate at each count.

Notes:

  1. These results are final.
Full distribution of preferences
CountBALL
Jason
(GVIC)
MORAN
Michaela
(SPP)
WALKER
Alicia
(AJP)
ALLEN
Katie
(LP)
MCLEOD
Fiona
(ALP)
RYAN
Tim
(UAPP)
Total
Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
First22,57322.471,3381.331,7291.7248,09147.8625,49825.381,2491.24100,478
Second12810.2517814.2514311.4561148.9218915.13Excluded1,249
Total22,70122.591,5161.511,8721.8648,70248.4725,68725.56100,478
Third42427.97Excluded47031.0040426.6521814.381,516
Total23,12523.012,3422.3349,10648.8725,90525.78100,478
Fourth1,29555.29Excluded59925.5844819.132,342
Total24,42024.3049,70549.4726,35326.23100,478
FifthExcluded4,43418.1619,98681.8424,420
Total54,13953.8846,33946.12100,478
       Elected      

This table provides the number and percentage of preferences to each two candidate preferred (TCP) candidate. The data includes which other candidate the preferences came from.

Notes:

  1. Two candidate preferred or TCP is a count of the two leading candidates only. Votes are recorded for a particular candidate if the preference on the ballot paper for that candidate is higher than the alternative TCP candidate, regardless of other preferences. The TCP count ultimately determines who wins the seat.
  2. These results are final.
Two candidate preferred preference flow
Candidate Party ALLEN, Katie
Liberal
McLEOD, Fiona
Australian Labor Party
Votes % Votes %
BALL, JasonThe Greens (VIC)3,73916.5618,83483.44
MORAN, MichaelaSustainable Australia68851.4265048.58
WALKER, AliciaAnimal Justice Party71941.581,01058.42
RYAN, TimUnited Australia Party90272.2234727.78
First Preferences 48,091 65.35 25,498 34.65
Total 54,139 53.88 46,339 46.12

Profile of division of Higgins (VIC)
Elected member Allen, K (LP). Elected 2019.
Name derivation Named in honour of Henry Bournes Higgins KC, 1851-1929. Higgins was an active member of the Constitutional Conventions that led to the Commonwealth of Australia, Member of the House of Representatives (1901-06) and a Justice of the High Court (1906-29).
First proclaimed / election 2018/1949
Area 41 sq. kms
Demographic Inner Metropolitan
Pre-Election seat status Fairly Safe
Seat status Marginal
Location The Division of Higgins consists of part of the Boroondara City Council, part of the Glen Eira City Council, part of the Monash City Council and part of the Stonnington City Council.
Products and Industry Retail, health care, food services and education.